Every OBD2 fault code — also called a Diagnostic Trouble Code (DTC) — is exactly five characters: one letter and four digits, like P0420. The structure is standardized, so once you can read the positions you can interpret any code, even one that isn't in the list below.
1st — System
P
P powertrain, B body, C chassis, U network/communication.
2nd — Type
0
0 = generic (same on every OBD2 vehicle). 1 = manufacturer-specific.
3rd — Subsystem
4
Which subsystem: fuel & air metering, ignition, emissions, speed/idle, and so on.
4th & 5th — Fault
20
The specific fault index within that subsystem.
So P0420 reads as Powertrain, 0 generic, emissions subsystem, fault 20 — "Catalyst System Efficiency Below Threshold (Bank 1)." The code names the symptom, not always the broken part: P0420 reports low catalyst efficiency, which a cheap oxygen sensor or an exhaust leak can trigger long before the converter itself is bad.
Generic vs. manufacturer-specific. When the second character is 0 (for example most P0xxx codes, plus the standardized P2xxx and generic P34xx ranges), the code is universal — it means the same thing on every OBD2-compliant car, and that's what's listed below. When the second character is 1 (the P1xxx ranges and other manufacturer-specific codes), the meaning is defined by the automaker, so you'll need that vehicle's factory service manual to look it up accurately.
The codes below are the most common generic codes — bread-and-butter powertrain faults plus key standardized P2-series codes. Use your browser's find (Ctrl-F / ⌘-F) to jump to a code, or browse by category. Each card links to related codes you can deep-link to.